Colorado River

Colorado River

Colorado River: A New Era of Sustainability 

California put itself on the path toward Colorado River sustainability in 2003, when it reduced its use to its basic apportionment of 4.4 million acre-feet of river water. For decades, California was able to use more than this amount, relying on surplus water and water unused by Arizona and Nevada. But in the 1990s, those states began using their full apportioned supplies and California was compelled to cut back. The groundbreaking 2003 Quantification Settlement Agreement and related agreements set aside decades-old disputes and facilitated water transfers from farms to cities, funded lining the All-American and Coachella canals to reduce seepage and led to new agricultural conservation in California and partnerships with Metropolitan. The QSA, as it is known, marked a critical milestone in a new era of collaboration on the Colorado.

That same spirit of collaboration continues today. Among recent actions, more than 30 water agencies and providers from across the basin signed a Memorandum of Understanding committing to protect water supplies serving 40 million people through innovative water conservation programs, initiatives and policies within their communities.

Read our fact sheet: A Balanced Approach for Reducing Water Use.
Lea nuestra hoja informativa: Un Enfoque Equilibrado Para Reducir El Uso Del Agua.
Read the press release from November 16, 2022
Read the Memorandum of Understanding.
Read our Colorado River fact sheet.
Read our fact sheet on efforts to reduce reliance on the Colorado River.

Palo verde crops

Everybody Wins:
Ag-Urban Partnerships

Since the QSA, Metropolitan has invested millions of dollars to replace some of the surplus Colorado River water it lost. Through partnerships developed with agricultural agencies, Metropolitan pays participating farmers to conserve water while also ensuring the continued success of the agricultural economy. The water saved through these programs – which include partial land fallowing, crop rotation and irrigation improvements – is then made available to Metropolitan. These efforts provide Metropolitan greater flexibility to plan for and withstand times of shortage.

Bard Water District 
Metropolitan pays farmers to not plant lower-value, water-intensive crops during spring and summer
Learn more: The Seasonal Land Fallowing Program

 

Palo Verde Irrigation District 
Metropolitan pays farmers to fallow up to 28 percent of their land 

Learn more: Land Fallowing & Crop Rotation Program
Learn more: Restoring Land & Ecosystems

The Quechan Tribe 
Metropolitan and the Quechan Tribe have launched a two-year pilot program to conserve Colorado River water while supporting the Tribe's agricultural economy.
Learn more: An Urban-Agriculture Partnership with The Quechan Tribe

 

Imperial Irrigation District 
Metropolitan funds water conservation improvements within IID 

Law of the River  

How the Colorado River’s resources are divided among the seven Colorado River Basin states and Mexico is governed by a series of interstate compacts, statutes, Supreme Court decrees, a treaty with Mexico, contracts and regulatory guidelines - all collectively known as the Law of the River.

1922

Divided right to use Colorado River water between Upper and Lower Basins, apportioning 7.5 million acre-feet (maf) to each basin in perpetuity.

Colorado River Compact

1922 Colorado River Compact

1928

Authorized construction of the Hoover Dam and allocated the 7.5 maf apportionment among the Lower Basin states, giving California 4.4 maf/year.

Boulder Canyon Project Act

Hoover Dam Construction

1931

Established priority system for California’s Colorado River water users. Agricultural agencies received higher priorities than Metropolitan.

California Seven Party Agreement

1928 Boulder Canyon

1944

Guarantees delivery of 1.5 maf to Mexico annually under normal supply years.

Mexican Water Treaty

Mexican Treaty

1956

Authorized the construction of Upper Basin river storage and power production, facilities including Glen Canyon Dam (Lake Powell).

Colorado River Storage Project Act

Glen Canyon Dam Construction

1963

Supreme Court settled the allocation of the Lower Basin’s 7.5 maf apportionment. Decision recognized the Secretary of the Interior’s authority to determine when there are surpluses and shortages in Lower Basin.

Arizona v. California

1963 Arizona V California

1968

Authorized the construction of the Central Arizona Project. To gain congressional support, CAP agreed to lower priority than California water users.

Colorado River Basin Project Act

Gila River Siphon Construction

1970

Provided for the coordinated operation of reservoirs in the Upper and Lower basins and set conditions for water releases from Lake Powell to Lake Mead.

Coordinated Long-Range Operation

Glen Canyon Dam Lake Powell

2001

Established surplus criteria in the Lower Basin through 2016. Provided targets for reducing California’s consumptive use to 4.4 maf.

Interim Surplus Guidelines

Parkerdam Scenic Rainbow

2003

Settled water rights disputes among California agencies and established agricultural water use caps to provide for transfers to urban users.

Quantification Settlement Agreement

Coachella Canal Lining

2007

Established shortage criteria in the Lower Basin through 2026. Established the Intentionally Created Surplus program.

Interim Shortage Guidelines

Lake Mead

2019

Lower Basin states agreed to store defined volumes of water in Lake Mead at certain lake levels. Upper Basin states gained tools to maintain higher levels in Lake Powell.

Drought Contingency Plan

2019 Colorado River Drought Contingency Plans Signing Ceremony
1922
1928
1931
1944
1956
1963
1968
1970
2001
2003
2007
2019

Adapting to Climate Change:

A New Resiliency

As climate change reduces flows on the Colorado River and water levels of the system’s two largest reservoirs – Lake Mead and Lake Powell – drop, Metropolitan is forging valuable partnerships outside California as well. This new era of collaboration is helping ensure the continued reliability of Colorado River supplies across the West. 

Lake Mead

Intentionally Created Surplus

Through the ICS program, Metropolitan can store more than 1.65 million acre-feet of water in Lake Mead for use during dry years. Metropolitan collaborated with other states in the development of this program – creating valuable surface storage through cooperation rather than construction.

Drought Contingency Plan signing ceremony

Drought Contingency Plan

Signed in 2019, Metropolitan worked with the seven Basin states to develop the DCP, which helps prevent Lake Mead and Lake Powell from reaching critically low levels. Under  the DCP,  each Lower Basin state agreed to store defined volumes of water in Lake Mead at certain elevations, and the Upper Basin received approval to store conserved water in Lake Powell.

Signing

Tribal Nations

Metropolitan has collaborated with several Native American tribes in the Colorado River Basin to develop water management programs, including a forbearance agreement with the Quechan Tribe and an exchange agreement with the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians. 

Lowland leopard frog

Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Programs

To balance the use of Colorado River resources with ecological needs, federal and state partners created the LCR MSCP in 2005 to work toward the recovery of endangered and threatened fish and wildlife along the Lower Colorado. The program is creating more than 8,100 acres of new habitat.   

Intake Quagga fishing pole

Lower Colorado River Water Quality Partnership

To protect the source water quality of Colorado River supplies, Metropolitan is partnering with the Central Arizona Project and Southern Nevada Water Authority on initiatives to address water quality challenges including salinity, invasive species and industrial contaminants.

Brock reservoir

Other Programs

Metropolitan also has partnered with agencies in Nevada and Arizona to fund other projects important to protecting Colorado River supplies, including Warren Brock Reservoir, Yuma Desalting Plant and the Mexico Water Treaty Pilot Conservation Project (Minute 319 and 323).

 

Some photos courtesy Bureau of Reclamation.

Thanks to these programs, in 2019 Metropolitan put a record amount of water into storage in Lake Mead and helped California divert the lowest amount of Colorado River water in 70 years.

Colorado River

Colorado River Negotiations: Working Together for a New Era 

Many of the agreements described above were made possible by guidelines that will terminate in 2026. As climate change further stresses the Colorado River and population continues to grow across the West, leaders from the Basin states are negotiating new guidelines and agreements to address a drier future. Those negotiations will continue for several years until new guidelines are finalized and adopted by the Secretary of the Interior for implementation in 2027.